Our innate immune system consists of a sophisticated detection mechanism for pathogens and damage called the Nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat containing, proteins (NLRs). Malignant gliomas, the most common primary brain tumors that arise from glial cells within the central nervous system (CNS), are among the most fatal human cancers. With a median survival of only 14.6 months even after aggressive therapy with surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, most patients succumb to their disease within two years of the initial diagnosis. Gliomas arise from glial cells and are heavily infiltrated with innate immune cells. We are interested in studying the cellular and molecular contribution of inflammasome-forming NLRs in malignant gliomas.

Nanoparticles are emerging as important platforms for manipulation of biological responses in the context of vaccines, cancer therapeutics, modulation of autoimmune diseases and targeted drug delivery. Considering their widespread applications and increased human exposure it is critical to understand the interaction of these with the human immune system. We are analyzing size, concentration and exposure time-dependent effects of amorphous nanosilica on human bronchoalveolar epithelial, endothelial and fibroblast cell lines. In addition, innate immune regulators associated with nanosilica internalization and subsequent inflammatory pathways are being explored.

The brain is composed of neurons and glia. For almost 100 years Glial cells were thought of as the "glue" that holds neurons together. It is now accepted that glia are not a homogenous population but a complex assembly of multifunctional and versatile cells. Broadly glia are of 3 types: Astrocytes. Microglia and Oligodendrocytes. Astrocytes as the name suggests are star shaped cells. They maintain ionic balance, support the blood brain barrier and importantly play a key role in the repair and healing in the brain. Microglia perform immune surveillance of the brain. They are the cells that scoop up and destroy cellular debris and invading pathogens. Oligodendrocytes insulate neurons for electrical conduction. We are interested in elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying glial cell interactions in the healthy as well as inflamed brain.

Endothelial cells stained with RCA (green), anti-ASC antibody (red) and DAPI for nucleus (blue).

We have designed (under patent) and tested a portable hypoxia chamber for science education and research and are interested in collaborative industrial as well as research partners for further testing and scale-up of the same.